Abstract
Multivitamin use is common in the United States. It is not known whether multivitamins with minerals supplements (MVM) used by women already diagnosed with invasive breast cancer would affect their breast cancer mortality risk. To determine prospectively the effects of MVM use on breast cancer mortality in postmenopausal women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer, a prospective cohort study was conducted of 7,728 women aged 50–79 at enrollment in the women’s health initiative (WHI) in 40 clinical sites across the United States diagnosed with incident invasive breast cancer during WHI and followed for a mean of 7.1 years after breast cancer diagnosis. Use of MVM supplements was assessed at WHI baseline visit and at visit closest to breast cancer diagnosis, obtained from vitamin pill bottles brought to clinic visit. Outcome was breast cancer mortality. Hazard ratios and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for breast cancer mortality comparing MVM users to non-users were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models. Analyses using propensity to take MVM were done to adjust for potential differences in characteristics of MVM users versus non-users. At baseline, 37.8 % of women reported MVM use. After mean post-diagnosis follow-up of 7.1 ± 4.1 (SD) years, there were 518 (6.7 %) deaths from breast cancer. In adjusted analyses, breast cancer mortality was 30 % lower in MVM users as compared to non-users (HR = 0.70; 95 % CI 0.55, 0.91). This association was highly robust and persisted after multiple adjustments for potential confounding variables and in propensity score matched analysis (HR = 0.76; 95 % CI 0.60–0.96). Postmenopausal women with invasive breast cancer using MVM had lower breast cancer mortality than non-users. The results suggest a possible role for daily MVM use in attenuating breast cancer mortality in women with invasive breast cancer but the findings require confirmation.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank the WHI participants, Investigators and staff for their important contributions. The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) program is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services through contracts N01WH22110, 24152, 32100-2, 32105-6, 32108-9, 32111-13, 32115, 32118-32119, 32122, 42107-26, 42129-32, and 44221. The funding organization (NIH) had no role in the design and conduct of the study; analysis or interpretation of the data or preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The funding organization was involved in designing the WHI protocol and in management of WHI.
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Appendix: Variables use in logistic regression for propensity analysis
Appendix: Variables use in logistic regression for propensity analysis
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Age,
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Race/ethnicity
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Education
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Income
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Region of the country
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Having a health care provider
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Having last visit to health care provider within past year
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Alcohol use
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High cholesterol requiring pills
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History of diabetes
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Being on treatment for diabetes
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Smoking
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Hormone use
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Body mass index
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Waist/Hip ratio
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Calories from diet
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Hypertension treatment
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Systolic blood pressure
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Diastolic blood pressure
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Hysterectomy
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Physical activity
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Activities of daily living
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Life events score
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General health
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Social support
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Social functioning
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Emotional well-being
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Depression score
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History of atrial fibrillation
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History of pulmonary embolism
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History of cardiovascular disease
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History of heart failure
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History of any cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer)
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Wassertheil-Smoller, S., McGinn, A.P., Budrys, N. et al. Multivitamin and mineral use and breast cancer mortality in older women with invasive breast cancer in the women’s health initiative. Breast Cancer Res Treat 141, 495–505 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-013-2712-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-013-2712-x